Corrigendum: Evolutionary emergence of collective intelligence in large groups of students.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.848048.].

Netiquette, implication of online emotional content and empathy in adolescents according to gender / Netiqueta, implicación del contenido emocional en línea y empatía en adolescentes según el género

Abstract: Introduction: Education in netiquette (social norms that promote cyber coexistence) has become an alternative proposal for helping prevent online expressions of discrimination and violence. Specifically, empathy and online emotional content are key in antisocial behaviours. Method: Our objective is thus to differentially analyse the relationships between netiquette, online emotional content, and empathy in adolescents according to gender. 774 adolescents (55.4% girls) enrolled in 13 Spanish educational centres participated (M = 13.82 and SD = 1345). Results: Results show that girls achieve higher scores in netiquette, online emotional content, and empathy. E-emotional expression in girls and the facilitating use of e-emotions in boys are exclusionary factors of netiquette; however, the understanding and management of e-emotions for both genders, as well as cognitive empathy in boys, are promoter factors. Conclusions: It would be advisable to educate young people in netiquette, where the moderate use of emotional expression online can be an effective strategy to promote it.

Resumen Introducción: Educar en la netiqueta (normas sociales que promueven la ciberconvivencia) se ha convertido en una propuesta alternativa para ayudar a prevenir las expresiones de discriminación y violencia online. En concreto, la empatía y el contenido emocional online son claves en los comportamientos antisociales. Método: Nuestro objetivo es, por tanto, analizar de forma diferencial las relaciones entre la netiqueta, el contenido emocional online y la empatía en adolescentes según el género. Participaron 774 adolescentes (55,4% chicas) matriculados en 13 centros educativos españoles (M = 13,82 y SD = 1345). Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que las chicas alcanzan mayores puntuaciones en netiqueta, contenido emocional online y empatía. Además, la expresión e-emocional en las chicas y la facilitación del uso de las e-emociones en los chicos son factores amortiguadores de la netiqueta; sin embargo, la compresión y regulación de las e-emociones para ambos géneros, así como la empatía cognitiva en los chicos, son factores promotores. Conclusiones: Sería recomendable educar a los jóvenes en la netiqueta donde el uso moderado de la manifestación emocional en la red puede ser una estrategia eficaz para promoverla.

Evolutionary emergence of collective intelligence in large groups of students.

The emergence of collective intelligence has been studied in much greater detail in small groups than in larger ones. Nevertheless, in groups of several hundreds or thousands of members, it is well-known that the social environment exerts a considerable influence on individual behavior. A few recent papers have dealt with some aspects of large group situations, but have not provided an in-depth analysis of the role of interactions among the members of a group in the creation of ideas, as well as the group's overall performance. In this study, we report an experiment where a large set of individuals, i.e., 789 high-school students, cooperated online in real time to solve two different examinations on a specifically designed platform (Thinkhub). Our goal of this paper 6 to describe the specific mechanisms of idea creation we were able to observe and to measure the group's performance as a whole. When we deal with communication networks featuring a large number of interacting entities, it seems natural to model the set as a complex system by resorting to the tools of statistical mechanics. Our experiment shows how an interaction in small groups that increase in size over several phases, leading to a final phase where the students are confronted with the most popular answers of the previous phases, is capable of producing high-quality answers to all examination questions, whereby the last phase plays a crucial role. Our experiment likewise shows that a group's performance in such a task progresses in a linear manner in parallel with the size of the group. Finally, we show that the controlled interaction and dynamics foreseen in the system can reduce the spread of "fake news" within the group.

Activities and relationships with parents as key ecological assets that encourage personal positive youth development.

Scientific literature has shown contextual factors that predict youth development, and family variables are the most important ones. In this study, we propose a model that explains the relation between family variables (relationship with parents and family activities) and Personal Positive Youth Development (assessed through Life satisfaction, Interiority, and Self-control), across different cultures. We recruited 2867 adolescents aged 12-18 years (52% female) from three countries: Spain, Mexico, and Peru. They completed an anonymous questionnaire. We run exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and structural equation modelling, testing for invariance across countries and sexes. In all subsamples, positive family relationships were associated with adolescents' Life Satisfaction. In addition, time invested on family activities was associated with Interiority and with Self-control. However, some differences across cultures and sex were found in the specific associations. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed regarding how to improve adolescent development through family life.

Social Support as a Facilitator of Musical Self-Efficacy.

Previous research has shown that musical self-efficacy is one of the predictors of academic achievement, but few studies have analyzed the function of social support in the construction of musical self-efficacy. In this study we analyze the relationship between three sources of support perceived by music students - parents, teachers, and peers - and their influence on levels of self-efficacy for learning and for public performance. We analyze three groups of students under the hypothesis that relationships among those variables can vary with age and the level of education. A total of 444 students enrolled in six Spanish music schools, two music universities, and four advanced music schools, completed the Social Support Scale for Music Students, as well as the General Musical Self-Efficacy Scale. Results reveal significant relationships among the aforementioned variables, with considerable variation according to academic level. For the youngest students enrolled in advanced music schools (conservatorios profesionales), the role of parents and teachers was crucial, especially for predicting self-efficacy for learning, which, in turn, is the best predictor of self-efficacy for public performance. For the 16-18-year-olds enrolled in the same advanced music schools, their peers play a particularly relevant role in reinforcing their self-efficacy for learning. Social support had a negligible influence on the self-efficacy of university-level students, but they did experience a strong relationship between self-efficacy for learning, on the one hand, and public performance, on the other. We interpret these results in view of potential long-term careers in music, relating them with a series of different agents.

Student Misbehaviour and Teacher Coercion. A Comparative Study of Contextual Factors in Primary and Secondary Education Teachers.

This study analyses the relation between student misbehaviour and teacher coercion from a teacher perspective by taking further contextual variables into account. Our participants were 480 male/female secondary education and 351 primary education teachers from the Spanish Autonomous Community of Aragón (Spain). This study forms part of the 2017 Coexistence Study in Aragón Education Centres. According to the theoretical framework and the SEM (structural equation modeling), the results revealed a close relationship between student misbehaviour and teacher coercion, although other contextual variables also appeared in the regression equation: in coexistence rules and in teacher competence. We ultimately found a certain degree of difference between the primary and secondary education levels. On the secondary school level, teacher conflicts were associated with student misbehaviour, while coexistence rules and participative and inclusive activities predicted teacher coercion. Conversely, on the primary school level, participative and inclusive activities predict a lower frequency of student misbehaviour, while teacher competence predicts a lower frequency of teacher coercion.

Music Self-Efficacy for Performance: An Explanatory Model Based on Social Support.

Personal perceptions of self-efficacy are particularly relevant in the field of music performance, which is oriented toward the outward expressions of one's own ability through public performances. Within this context, a number of personal variables, including social support and performance anxiety, have been shown to be associated with musical success and are therefore relevant for research that seeks to understand the four sources of self-efficacy (mastery experiences, vicarious observation, verbal persuasion, physiological states) that are integral components of Bandura's (2002) Social Learning Theory. Previous research, as well as observed differences among musicians associated with educational level (preuniversity) and gender (male/female), underpins the context of this study, which presents evidence regarding the factors that are capable of mediating perceptions of self-efficacy for musical performance. Specifically, the main objectives of this study were to more clearly understand relations between social support, public performance, musical performance anxiety, and self-efficacy using structural equation modeling and to compare these results according to gender. A battery of questionnaires was submitted to 359 preuniversity Spanish music students. Results highlight the relevance of family support for self-efficacy in public performance: directly and mediated through musical performance anxiety. The role of teachers and peers appeared to be relevant only for boys and was mediated through performance anxiety. Public performances lead to a greater degree of musical self-efficacy, but only in girls. Further research shall be required in order to improve pedagogical methods and help teachers increasingly individualize their teaching.

Emotional Intelligence and Mindfulness: Relation and Enhancement in the Classroom With Adolescents.

Emotional intelligence (EI) and mindfulness are two constructs that have been separately studied, and the relation between them still remains unclear. Research in this area has not attempted to go further into how enhancing EI and mindfulness together can achieve better improvements in this ability to attend mindfully. To bridge this knowledge gap, our research goal was to study the relationship between EI and the mindfulness competence in our study sample and to assess the impact of implementing EI and a mindfulness competence developmental program (SEA) about participants' mindfulness competence. The sample consisted of 156 students aged 11-14 years old from a Spanish public high school. One hundred and eight participants were randomly assigned to the experimental condition, and the remaining 48 were to the control condition. The instruments used to evaluate EI were the CDE-SEC, EQi-Youth Version and the General Empathy Scale. Mindfulness on the School Scope Scale was used to assess mindfulness competences. Social adaptation was evaluated by using the social abilities and adjustment questionnaire BAS3. All the instruments where answered by the participants and have been adapted to a sample of youths with such age specifications. The results showed that EI and mindfulness were related to many of the variables measured by the instruments. Showing a good mindfulness competence was particularly related to having a good general level of the EI trait, and to many of the assessed social and emotional variables. The data indicated a significant relation between the mindfulness competence and having better general empathy skills or being better socially adjusted to the school context. The data also indicated a significant effect on participants' interior and kinesthetic mindfulness competence after implementing the SEA Program. These findings corroborate the relationship between EI and mindfulness, and the possibility of enhancing mindfulness by applying a direct intervention program in the classroom.

Motivo de abandono del tratamiento desde la perspectiva del paciente con un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria / Reason for treatment abandonment from the perspective of the patient with an eating disorder

Los tratamientos psicológicos y farmacológicos para los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria comportan costes personales y sanitarios. En este trabajo estudiamos los diferentes motivos que pueden estar asociados al abandono en ambos tipos de tratamientos en pacientes diagnosticados con un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, así como el tipo de abandono: abandono tras evaluar, abandono precoz y tardío. Por otro lado, analizamos si existe alguna relación entre el diagnóstico y el tipo de abandono. Se examinaron diversas características (edad, sexo, diagnóstico, motivos y tipos de abandono, y satisfacción respecto a la unidad de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria) en 212 pacientes atendidos en un servicio especializado en el tratamiento de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria durante un periodo de dos años. Nuestros datos apoyan la hipótesis de que el tipo de abandono de los tratamientos más frecuente es de tipo tardío, motivado por la mejoría del trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, mientras que no se verifica que exista relación alguna entre el diagnóstico y el tipo de abandono. Nuestros resultados indican que los motivos de abandono son heterogéneos. Se pueden establecer dos perfiles diferenciados de abandono; uno ligado a la mejoría y a los impedimentos físicos temporales, y otro relacionado con motivos diversos.

Psychological and pharmacological treatments for eating disorder involve personal and health costs. In this paper we study the various reasons that may be associated to abandonment in both types of treatments in patients diagnosed with a disorder of eating behavior and the kind of neglect: neglect after evaluation, early and late abandonment. On the other hand, we analyze whether there is any relationship between the diagnosis and the type of abandonment. Various characteristics (age, sex, diagnosis, motives and types of neglect, and satisfaction with the unit eating disorder) in 212 patients treated at a specialized service in the treatment of eating disorder were examined during a period of two years. Our data support the hypothesis that the rate of abandonment of the most common treatments is delayed type, motivated by the improvement of the disorder of eating behavior, while no verified that there is some relationship between the diagnosis and the type of abandonment. Our results indicate that the reasons for dropping out are heterogeneous. You can set two different profiles of dropouts, one linked to improvement and to temporary disability, and other related tovarious reasons

The emergence and evolution of optimistic expectations in school children / Emergencia y evolución de las expectativas optimistas en niños de educación primaria

When we study optimism in children, we note the temporary emergence of a bias that leads them to make optimistic predictions. In this study we intend to learn more about changes that can be observed in the optimistic bias of 6- to 12-year old schoolchildren when they predict future events, and in the way they justify those predictions. A total of 77 pupils participated in this study; we evaluated each one of them individually with a Piagetian interview, asking them to formulate predictions about a series of hypothetical situations. After analyzing whether a child’s prediction implied that the situation would maintain itself or would change for better or for worse, we classified the justifications they provided for their predictions. Results show that these subjects regarded positive change as more likely in the case of psychological or hybrid events than for purely biological ones, and that younger children tended to display a greater bias in favor of the likelihood of positive change. These younger children justified their predictions stating that nature or the passing of time could be responsible for the changes, without needing further intervention on the part of other agents. Older children, on the other hand, tended to provide similar kinds of explanations to justify their expectation of stasis

Al aproximarnos al estudio del optimismo en niños, encontramos la aparición de un sesgo que les lleva a elaborar predicciones optimistas. Con esta investigación pretendemos conocer los cambios que se producen en la etapa de educación primaria (6-12 años), tanto en la aparición del sesgo optimista como en la explicaciones que los niños hacen de sus predicciones. Han participado un total de 77 alumnos a los que de manera individual y mediante un formato de entrevista piagetiana se les ha pedido realizar predicciones sobre diferentes situaciones hipotéticas. Tras un primer análisis para establecer si la predicción del niño implicaba un cambio en sentido optimista o pesimista, se han categorizado las respuestas ofrecidas por los niños al argumentar su predicción. Los resultados muestran que los participantes en esta investigación consideran más probable el cambio positivo para eventos psicológicos o híbridos que para los biológicos, y que estos cambios son más probables entre los niños de menor edad. En cuanto a las explicaciones de estos cambios, los niños consideran que la propia naturaleza o el paso del tiempo pueden ser responsables de los mismos sin mediar otro tipo de intervenciones. Igualmente, razones parecidas suelen dar los niños mayores para explicar el mantenimiento de las situaciones

Lack of pattern of birth in patients with bulimia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: An excess of bulimia nervosa (BN) births during the fall has been recently reported, but this finding has not been yet adequately replicated. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the presence of a seasonal birth pattern in a representative clinical sample of women with BN. METHOD: We registered the month of birth of 216 female patients who fulfilled all the criteria for BN according to DSM-IV on admission to a specialized eating disorders service in Spain. RESULTS: Our analyses showed no significant variation in the season of birth of our BN sample when compared to a general population. DISCUSSION: Our data do not support the hypothesis of a season of birth bias in BN.

La adhesión al tratamiento antirretroviral en pacientes VIH+ en programa de mantenimiento con metadona / Compliance with antiretroviral treatment in HIV/AIDS patients on a methadone maintenance program

Los avances recientes observados en los “Tratamientos Antirretrovirales de Gran Actividad” (TARGA), destinados a controlar e impedir el avance del VIH/SIDA, han supuesto una mejora importante en la calidad y expectativas de vida de muchos pacientes con dicha enfermedad. A pesar de ello, persisten algunas dificultades para conseguir el control de la enfermedad, tales como las limitaciones de acceso a los tratamientos en algunos países, las inherentes al consumo de cualquier fármaco (problemas de absorción, toxicidad...) y el abandono del tratamiento por parte de los pacientes. En este trabajo se lleva a cabo una revisión sobre la adhesión a la terapia antirretroviral en población drogodependiente. Se realiza un somero análisis de los cambios y mejoras experimentados en el mundo occidental en relación con el VIH/SIDA y en los servicios de atención especializada a las adicciones y se analizan las relaciones existentes entre la adhesión a la TARGA y algunas variables psicosociales y clínicas: ansiedad, depresión, estrés, apoyo social, autoeficacia, autoesfuerzo y consumo de drogas. Finalmente, se extraen determinadas conclusiones y se sugieren algunas líneas de intervención y de investigación futuras (AU)

Recent advances in “Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapies” (HAART), aimed at controlling and preventing the spreading of HIV/AIDS, have improved the quality of life and life expectancies of many patients with this fatal disease. Nevertheless, a significant number of difficulties persist, such as the existence of individuals from disadvantaged groups, that traditionally have had difficulty accessing high-quality health care in some countries, who have not benefited from these treatments. Adverse drug reactions and non compliance with treatment regimens increase the problems for the control of the disease. This work reviews studies on compliance with antiretroviral treatments regimens in injection drug users. We briefly went over the changes and improvements in HIV/AIDS and specialized drug addiction management services in the developed world and analyzed the relationship between HAART compliance and some psychosocial and clinical variables: anxiety, depression, stress, social support, self-efficacy, self-effort, and drug use. Finally, our review study suggests broad future intervention and research lines (AU)

Apoyo Social y Adhesión al Tratamiento Antirretroviral en Pacientes VIH+ en un Programa de Mantenimiento con Metadona: Un estudio Longitudinal / Social Support and Adhesion to Anti Retroviral Treatment in HIV+ Patients on a Methadone Maintenance Program. A Longitudinal Study

Resumen. Este estudio longitudinal tiene como objetivo analizar las relaciones existentes entre la variable apoyo social y la adhesión a los tratamientos antirretrovirales. Se presenta la evolución de una muestra de 100 pacientes VIH+ en programa de metadona. En el seguimiento, un año después de la primera evaluación, se obtienen los datos de 83 participantes que respondieron al cuestionario y que fueron clasificados en función de su adhesión a la terapia antirretroviral según indicadores del día, de la semana y del mes. En el estudio se comprueba que existen diferencias en la variable considerada entre pacientes con buena adhesión, los que no presentan adhesión, los que inician tratamiento y aquellos que lo abandonan, llegando a discriminar entre estos últimos. Se concluye que el papel del apoyo social resulta muy importante tanto en el inicio, como en el mantenimiento de la adhesión una vez establecida, cumpliendo un papel relevante también, en la pérdida de la misma (AU)

Abstract. The present study examined the dynamics of IDUs social support and adherence to treatment regimens over time. The participants were 100 HIV+ patients on a methadone maintenance program in Madrid (Spain). The data were elicited using a structured, interviewer- administered questionnaire and were followed for one year. We investigate the following 4 groups of patients: those who continued the treatment, those who refused the treatment, those who started the treatment and the patients where there was treatment failure. Conclusions: social support is an important variable in the start, continuation and also in ultimate failure of medical treatment (AU)

Trastornos de personalidad y edad: Estudio con personas sin hogar / Personality diseases and age: A study with homeless

En este estudio se lleva a cabo una investigación sobre trastornos de personalidad en personas sin hogar y su relación con la edad. El objetivo era analizar si existe relación entre edad y trastorno de personalidad padecido por el sujeto. Para ello, se realizó un estudio ex post facto, de carácter prospectivo, con una muestra de personas sin hogar en un proceso de inserción (N=77) a las que se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada y el Inventario Clínico Multiaxial de Millon (Millon, 1997). Los resultados muestran como el trastorno antisocial es el más presente en el global de la muestra (35,06%), siendo de mayor prevalencia en menores de 30 años (52,63%), disminuyendo su presencia conforme avanza la edad del sujeto; además, se da una alta presencia del trastorno dependiente entre los 30 y 49 años (38,46%); y el trastorno narcisista aumenta conforme lo hace la edad del sujeto, hasta alcanzar el 66% en mayores de 50 años. Por último, se analizan las implicaciones del estudio en la práctica clínica y futuras líneas de investigación(AU)

In this study, carried out a research on personality disorders in homeless people and their relationship with age. The objective was to analyze whether there is relationship between age and personality disorder suffered by the subject. To do this, a study ex post facto, future-oriented, with a sample of homeless people in a process of integration (N = 77) to which they applied a semistructured interview and Inventory Millon Clinical Multiaxial (Millon, 1997). The results show how the disorder is the most antisocial present in the overall sample (35.06%), being most prevalent in children under 30 years (52.63%), decreasing their presence disappear with the age of the subject and, there is a high incidence of the disorder dependent between 30 and 49 years (38.46%) and the narcissistic disorder increases as does the subject's age, reaching 66% in people older than 50 years. Finally, discusses implications of the study in clinical practice and future research (AU)